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In linguistics, an auxiliary (also called helping verb, auxiliary verb, or verbal auxiliary) is a verb functioning to give further semantic or syntactic information about the main or full verb following it. In English, the extra meaning an auxiliary verb imparts alters the basic form of the main verb to have one or more of the following functions: passive, progressive, perfect, modal, or dummy. The auxiliary verbs are be and have.
In English, every clause has a finite verb which consists of a full verb (a non-auxiliary verb) and optionally one or more auxiliary verbs, each of which is a separate word. Examples of finite verbs include write (no auxiliary verb), have written (one auxiliary verb), and have been written (two auxiliary verbs).
There is a syntactic difference between an auxiliary verb and a full verb; that is, each has a different grammatical function within the sentence. In English, and in many other languages, there are some verbs that can act either as auxiliary or as full verbs, such as be ("I am writing a letter" vs "I am a postman") and have ("I have written a letter" vs "I have a letter"). In the case of be, it is sometimes ambiguous whether it is auxiliary or not; for example, "The ice cream was melted" could mean either "Someone/something melted the ice cream" (in which case melt would be the main verb) or "the ice cream was mostly liquid" (in which case be would be the main verb).
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The auxiliary verb be is used with a past participle to form the passive voice; for example, the clause "the door was opened" implies that someone (or something) opened it, without stating who (or what) it was. Because many past participles are also stative adjectives, the passive voice can sometimes be ambiguous; for example, "at 8:25, the window was closed" can be a passive-voice sentence meaning "at 8:25, someone closed the window," or a non-passive-voice sentence meaning "at 8:25, the window was not open". Perhaps due to this ambiguity, the verb get will sometimes be used colloquially instead of be in forming the passive voice, "at 8:25, the window got closed".
The auxiliary verb be is used with a present participle to form the progressive aspect; for example, the sentence "I am riding my bicycle" describes what the speaker is doing at the very moment of utterance, while the sentence "I ride my bicycle" is a temporally broader statement.
The auxiliary verb have is used with a past participle to form the perfect aspect; for example, the sentence "Peter has fallen in love" differs from "Peter fell in love" in that the former implies some connection to the present — likely that Peter is still in love — while the latter does not.
There are nine modal verbs: can, could, may, might, shall, should, will, would, and must. They differ from the other auxiliaries both in that they are defective verbs, and in that they can never function as main verbs. (There do exist main verbs can and will, but these are distinct.) They express the speaker\'s (or listener\'s) judgement or opinion at the moment of speaking. Some of the modal verbs have been seen as a conditional tense form in English.
Some schools of thought consider could to represent the past tense of can. However, according to Michael Lewis (The English Verb), this is not always true. "Could I get you something?" clearly is not expressing past time. Lewis instead suggests that could is a remote form of can. It is evident after re-examining the usage of could in this light that remoteness does describe the general meaning, e.g.
The remaining modal auxiliaries can be viewed in this same manner. Lewis covers this area in detail in his book; see the References section.
Because, aside from the verbs to be and to have, only auxiliaries can be inverted to form questions and only auxiliaries can take negation directly, a dummy auxiliary do is used for questions and negatives when only a full verb exists in the positive statement (i.e. there are no auxiliaries in the positive, non-interrogative form). The same dummy do is used for emphasis in the positive statement form. This is known as do-insertion.
For example, if the positive statement form is:
the interrogative, negative and emphatic forms are respectively:
Compare this with:
English contains many verb phrases that function as quasi-auxiliaries, such as be going to, used to, is about to. These quasi-auxiliaries require an infinitive. Others take a gerund (e.g. need, as in need fixing, in American English), past participle (e.g. get, as in get done), or other verb form.
In American English, go and come can be quasi-auxiliaries with nothing between them and the following verb phrases, but only in their plain forms: "Come show me", "I\'ll go get it", and "I had to come see for myself". This use can be regarded as ellipsis of and — the previous are equivalent to "Come and show me", "I\'ll go and get it", and "I had to come and see for myself" — and British English requires the and to be included, as does American English when the verb is not in its plain form: "I went and saw him." (It is also possible in both dialects for to to be used in place of and, though this typically has a slightly different sense.)
Auxiliaries take not (or n\'t) to form the negative, e.g. can\'t, won\'t, shouldn\'t, etc. In certain tenses, in questions, when a contracted auxiliary verb can be used, the position of the negative particle n\'t moves from the main verb to the auxiliary: cf. Does it not work? and Doesn\'t it work?
Auxiliaries invert to form questions:
The dummy auxiliary do is used for emphasis in positive statements (see above):
Auxiliaries can appear alone where a main verb has been omitted, but is understood:
The verb do can act as a pro-VP (or occasionally a pro-verb) to avoid repetition:
Auxiliaries can be repeated at the end of a sentence, with negation added or removed, to form a tag question. In the event that the sentence did not use an auxiliary verb, a dummy auxiliary (a form of do) is used instead:
An example was made famous by Hamish and Dougal
as a greeting. The implication is that I (having made the utterance) am not going to put myself in the position in which I would have to offer you tea, lest you had not had any.
More common, is the construction of the form
uttered by a person who should offer you one but wishes not to.
In Indo-European languages, the verb "to have" is the most common auxiliary used for perfect tenses. Interlingua has inherited this use of the verb. Some languages use "to be" for the perfect forms of some or all verbs (in Esperanto, for example, Mi estis irinta (I was having-gone = I had gone). French, German, and Dutch use it for verbs of motion and becoming, and (in German and Dutch) for "to be" itself, as does Italian. The use of auxiliaries is one variation among Romance languages. English uses "to be" only with "to go" in some senses.
Finnish, a Uralic language, uses olla (to be) for all verbs: Sillä niin on Jumala maailmaa rakastanut (Because so is God the world loved); it lacks an equivalent of the verb to have.
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